Advanced Care Directives in Residential Aged Care for Residents with Major Neuro-Cognitive Disorders (Dementia): A Scoping Review.

The aim of this review was to identify, assess, collate, and analyze existing research that has made a direct contribution to aiding understanding of the ethical and decision-making issues related to the use of advance care directives for people with dementia and/or other major neurocognitive disorders and/or their surrogate decision-makers on treatment. The Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, CINAHL, Academic Search Ultimate, and MEDLINE databases were searched between August and September 2021 and July to November 2022 limited to primary studies written in English, Spanish, or Portuguese. Twenty-eight studies of varying quality that addressed related thematic areas were identified. These themes being support for autonomy in basic needs (16%), making decisions ahead/planning ahead and upholding these decisions (52%), and support in decision-making for carers (32%). Advance care directives are an important mechanism for documenting treatment preferences in patient care planning. However, the available literature on the topic is limited in both quantity and quality. Recommendations for practice include involving decision makers, promoting educational interventions, exploring how they are used and implemented, and promoting the active involvement of social workers within the healthcare team.

Experiencias de duelo del personal de salud durante la pandemia por Covid-19 en Chile / Grief experiences of health personnel during the Covid-19 pandemic in Chile

Objetivo principal: Comprender experiencias de duelo en equipos de salud durante la pandemia. Metodología: Estudio cualitativo con enfoque fenomenológico. Muestreo por conveniencia en personal de salud de unidades críticas en hospitales chilenos. Datos obtenidos mediante entrevistas en profundidad, modalidad online. Análisis de datos temático según Max Van Manen. Se contó con aprobación por Comité de Ética Científico. Resultados principales: Se obtuvieron seis temas principales: Familia, Muerte en pandemia, Emociones y sentimientos, Afrontamiento, Condiciones laborales y Espiritualidad. Conclusión principal: La experiencia de duelo en pandemia generó transformaciones en el contexto laboral, individual y grupal, de los equipos de salud. La muerte de los pacientes derivó en la reflexión sobre la humanización del cuidado y repensar procesos clínicos. El apoyo psicológico y espiritual son medidas de autocuidado que deben relevarse en el personal de salud para afrontar el duelo.(AU)

Objective: To understand grieving experiences in health teams during the pandemic. Methods: Qualitative study with a phenomenological approach. Convenience sampling in health personnel workers at Critical Units in Chile. Data obtained by in-depth interviews in online modality. Thematic data analysis according to Max Van Manen was done. Approval was obtained at the Scientific Ethics Committee. Results: The main themes obtained were Family, Death in a pandemic, Emotions and feelings, Coping, Working conditions and Spirituality. Conclusion: The experience of bereavement during pandemic generated transformations in the work context of the health teams and to individual and group level. The death of patients led to reflection about of the humanization of care and to rethinking clinical processes. Psychological and spiritual support are self-care actions that must be enphatice by health personnel to deal with grief.(AU)

Vivencias de madres ante la incertidumbre durante la hospitalización de su hijo en una UCIN / Mothers' experiences in the face of uncertainty during the hospitalization of their son in a NICU / Vivências de mães frente à incerteza durante a internação do filho em uma UTIN

INTRODUCCIÓN: La hospitalización del recién nacido prematuro en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Neonatal (UCIN), genera en las madres incertidumbre al enfrentar un contexto desconocido y agresivo que rodea a su hijo. OBJETIVO: Explorar las vivencias de las madres frente a la incertidumbre que experimentan ante la hospitalización de su recién nacido prematuro en una UCIN. METODOLOGÍA: Paradigma del conocimiento interpretativo o cualitativo con enfoque fenomenológico hermenéutico, en el que se realizaron siete entrevistas semi-estructuradas a madres que tuvieron recién nacidos prematuros en una UCIN en los últimos tres años, las que se efectuaron vía online (Teams y WhatsApp) dada la contingencia nacional de COVID-19. Para el análisis se utilizó el método fenomenológico hermenéutico de Max Van Manen. La investigación fue aprobada por el Comité de Ética Científico de la Universidad Católica del Maule. RESULTADOS: Se destacan como temas centrales: la experiencia de tener un hijo hospitalizado en UCIN, apoyo del personal de enfermería, aspectos del cuidado que hacen sentir preocupación y experiencia vivida como un aprendizaje, reflejándose que la hospitalización de un hijo en una UCIN provoca en las madres sentimientos negativos. CONCLUSION: Es fundamental el apoyo emocional, empatía y educación por parte de los profesionales hacia las madres, para ayudarlas a sobrellevar este proceso de la mejor manera posible, disminuyendo la incertidumbre, aumentando la confianza y tranquilidad de ellas.

INTRODUCTION:The hospitalization of a premature newborn in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit(NICU) generates uncertainty in mothers exposed to an aggressive and unknown context surrounding their child. OBJETIVE: To explore the experiences of uncertainty that mothersmust face when their premature newborns are hospitalized in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. METHODOLOGY: Interpretative or qualitative paradigm with a hermeneutical phenomenological approach.Seven semi-structured interviews were conducted with mothers who had their premature children in a NICU in the last three years. The interviews were carried out online(Teams and WhatsApp) given the national contingency of Covid-19. For the analysis, the hermeneutical phenomenological method of Max Van Manen was used.This investigation was approved by the Ética Científico Committee of the Universidad Católica del Maule. RESULTS:The following concepts stand out as central themes:the experience of having a child hospitalized in the NICU, support from the nursing staff, aspects ofcare that make us feel concerned, and the experience lived as a learning process. Nevertheless, it demonstrates that the hospitalization of a child in a NICU causes negative feelings in mothers. CONCLUSION: Emotional support, empathy, and education from professionals towards mothers are essentialto help them cope with this process in the best possible way, reducing uncertainty, increasing their confidence and tranquility

INTRODUÇÃO: O fato que um bebê recém-nascido seja hospitalizado na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal gera incertezas nas mães em relação ao envolvente desconhecido e agressivo para os seus filhos. OBJETIVO: Explorar as experiências das mães em relação a suas incertezas sobre a hospitalização do bebê recém-nascido. METODOLOGIA: Um paradigma de conhecimento interpretativo ou qualitativo com abordagem fenomenológica hermenêutica, se realizaram sete pesquisas semiestruturadas a mães que tiveram bebês prematuros nos três últimos anos. As mães que participaram da pesquisa foram entrevistadas profundamente.Entrevistas que foram feitas através de videoconferência pela contingência de saúde (Covid-19).A análise foi feita conforme ao método fenomenológico hermenêutico de Max Van Manem.A pesquisa foi aprovada pelo Comitê de Ética Científicada Universidade Católica del Maule. RESULTADOS: Destaca-se como temas principais,a experiência deter um filho hospitalizado na UTIN, poder contar com o apoio do pessoal de enfermagem, os aspectos do cuidado que fazem se sentir preocupação,uma experiência vivida como aprendizagem,refletindo que a internação de um filho em uma UTIN causa sentimentos negativos nas mães. CONCLUSÕES: O apoio emocional, a empatia e o ensino por parte do pessoal de enfermagem para as mães são essenciais para elas poder suportar este processo diminuindo assim a incerteza e aumentando a confiança e a tranquilidade.

Sobrecarga, equivocación, falta de capacitación: factores contribuyentes en errores de medicación en hospital público chileno / Overload, mistake, lack of training: contributing factors in medication errors in a Chilean public hospital

OBJETIVO: Analizar errores de medicación notificados en 2018 en un hospital público de alta complejidad chileno. METODOLOGÍA: Estudio cuantitativo, retrospectivo, descriptivo y correlacional. Se analizaron las variables sexo y edad del paciente, mes del incidente, tipo de error, servicio, etapa del proceso de medicación y factores contribuyentes. RESULTADOS: Los incidentes fueron más frecuentes en meses estivales, en pacientes mayores de 60 años y de sexo femenino. Los errores más notificados fueron dosis, medicamento y paciente incorrecto. En farmacia se registraron el mayor número de notificaciones. Los errores ocurrieron con mayor frecuencia en las etapas de administración y dispensación. Entre los factores contribuyentes destacan chequeo ineficiente, desgaste o sobrecarga laboral, exceso de confianza, falta de capacitación y confusión del paciente. CONCLUSIÓN: Los periodos vacacionales concentran el mayor número de errores de medicación, asociados a la sobrecarga laboral y falta de capacitación de los profesionales de reemplazo, cuya formación debe ser reforzada

OBJECTIVE: To analyze medication errors reported in 2018 in a highly complex Chilean public hospital. METHODOLOGY: Quantitative, retrospective, descriptive and correlational study. The variables sex and age of the patient, month of the incident, type of error, service, stage of the medication process and contributing factors were analyzed. RESULTS: The incidents were more frequent in summer months, in female patients over 60 years of age. The most commonly reported errors were incorrect dose, medication and patient. The highest number of notifications were registered in the pharmacy. Errors occurred more frequently in the administration and dispensing stages. Among the contributing factors are inefficient check-up, attrition or work overload, overconfidence, lack of training, and patient confusion. CONCLUSION: Vacation periods concentrate the highest number of medication errors, associated with work overload and lack of training for replacement professionals, whose training must be reinforced

Living with bipolar disorder in Chile: A qualitative study.

Bipolar disorder (BD) is an important factor contributing to rates of higher morbidity and mortality with serious consequences on the quality of life. There is limited literature on life experience of people living with BD in Chile. For this reason, this study examines the life experiences of Chilean clients with BD. Semi-structured interviews were conducted, and clients aged 40-65 years, euthymic, with a preserved judgement of reality were included. A thematic analysis was conducted, and two themes and subthemes were extracted. The first theme is the life experiences of the disease, and it comprises the subtheme information about BD, life experiences of relapses (with acute experiences of disease, professional assistance, and prodromal symptom management), accepting the disease, accepting the medication, and being bipolar as a stigma. The second theme is that of family environment, which includes the subthemes of family support, lack of family support, and family crisis resulting from BD. The findings provide evidence to support the importance of accepting the disease, the long-term course of the disease, in addition to pharmacological treatment, which requires interventions from nurses when personal risk factors of acute episodes are identified and addressed. Besides, client and family members have to be actively involved. Future research should examine the relationship between stigma from bipolar disorder, perceptions from family members, and educational interventions from nurses and people affected by BD in Chile.

Valores profesionales de enfermería en el posmodernismo: una revisión sistemática / Valores profissionais de enfermagem no posmodernismo: uma revisão sistemática / Professional values of nursing in the postmodernism: a systematic revision

Resumen: La sociedad postmoderna basada en un modelo neoliberal cuestiona el fuerte componente valórico característico del cuidado profesional de enfermería. Ante esta situación surge la interrogante: ¿Cómo se enfrenta la formación valórica en los estudiantes de enfermería y cómo se viven estos en la práctica del cuidado? Objetivo: Analizar qué se ha investigado en los últimos diez años sobre la formación ética en estudiantes de enfermería y en la práctica valórica de estos profesionales en una sociedad postmoderna. Metodología: Revisión sistemática mixta de carácter narrativo que considero los últimos diez años (2008-2018), incluye 76 artículos de los cuales se seleccionaron 48 para su análisis. Se revisaron las bases de datos: ProQuest, ProQuest education Database, ProQuest Religión Database, Ebsco, Cuiden, Dialnet plus, Latindex, Scielo, SCOPUS y Google académico. Conclusiones: El postmodernismo trastoca los valores profesionales, tanto en la práctica del cuidado como en la formación de los futuros profesionales, por ello se requiere fortalecer y adecuar los valores tradicionales entre la academia y la clínica, centrando la formación en el profesor como modelo de la práctica profesional.

Resumo: A sociedade pósmoderna baseada em um modelo neoliberal questiona o forte componente de valor característico do cuidado profissional de enfermagem. Diante desta situação surge a pregunta: Como se enfrente a formação de valores nos estudantes de enfermagem e como isto é vivido na prática do cuidado? Objetivo: Analisar o que se investigou nos últimos dez anos sobre a formação ética nos estudantes de enfermagem e na prática de valor destes profissionais em uma sociedade pósmoderna. Metodologia: revisão sistemática mista de caráter narrativo que considere os últimos dez anos (2008-2018), incluindo 76 artigos dos quais se selecionaram 48 para análise. Foram revisadas as bases de dados: ProQuest, ProQuest education Database, ProQuest Religión Database, Ebsco, Cuiden, Dialnet plus, Latindex, Scielo, SCOPUS e Google acadêmico. Conclusões: O postmodernismo transtorna os valores profissionais, tanto na prática do cuidado como na formação dos futuros profissionais, por isso se requer fortalecer e adequar os valores tradicionais entre a academia e a clínica, centrando a formação no professor como modelo da prática profissional

Abstract: The postmodern society based on a neoliberal model questions the strong value component characteristic of professional nursing care. Faced with this situation, the question arises: How is valuation training faced by nursing students and how are these students living in the practice of care? Objective: To analyze what has been researched in the last ten years about the ethical formation in nursing students and the value practice of these professionals in a postmodern society. Methodology: Mixed systematic review of a narrative nature that I consider the last ten years (2008-2018), includes 76 articles, of which 48 were selected for analysis. The databases were revised: ProQuest, ProQuest education Database, ProQuest Religion Database, Ebsco, Cuiden, Dialnet plus, Latindex, Scielo, SCOPUS and Google academic. Conclusions: Postmodernism upsets professional values, both in the practice of care and in the training of future professionals, for this reason it is necessary to strengthen and adapt the traditional values between the academy and the clinic, focusing the training on the teacher as a model of professional practice.

Enfermería gerontológica: desafíos para la promoción de los roles sociales en las personas mayores / Gerontological Nursing: challenges for social roles promotion in older people

El acelerado envejecimiento poblacional a nivel mundial constituye un desafío para los profesionales de la salud. En este sentido, enfermería debe promover la autonomía en salud de las personas mayores con una participación activa en los cambios sociales y políticos, que tienen un impacto en su vida. En este artículo de opinión se reflexiona respecto de la adopción de un enfoque gerontológico que permita a la disciplina de enfermería potenciar los roles sociales activos de las personas mayores. De esta forma se enriquece la visión profesional en los aspectos sociales y culturales que afectan a la vejez, favoreciendo un cuidado integral del adulto mayor

Worldwide the accelerated population aging is a challenge for health professionals. In this sense, nursing must promote the autonomy in the health of the elderly with an active participation in social and political changes, which have an impact on their lives. In this opinion article, we reflect on the adoption of a gerontological approach that allows to the nursing discipline to enhance the active social roles of older people. In this way, the professional vision is enriched in the social and cultural aspects that affect old age, favoring a comprehensive care of the elderly

Innovación curricular en la educación superior: Experiencias vividas por docentes en una Escuela de Enfermería / Curricular innovation in higher education: experiences lived by teachers in a school of nursing

Resumen Introducción: En las últimas décadas, en Chile, la formación profesional en enfermería ha sufrido transformaciones en sus planes de estudio, pasando de tener un currículo tradicional a uno basado en competencias, en concordancia con las actuales exigencias del mercado laboral. Objetivo: Analizar dos temáticas derivadas del estudio centrado en comprender las experiencias de vida de docentes de la Escuela de Enfermería de la Universidad Católica del Maule en Chile, sobre la innovación curricular. Materiales y métodos: Estudio fenomenológico, mediante entrevistas en profundidad, a veinte docentes que han participado en la formación de enfermeros. Muestreo por conveniencia y de acuerdo al criterio de saturación de los datos. El análisis de datos fue de tipo temático según lo propuesto por Van Manen. La investigación fue aprobada por el Comité de Ética de la institución. Resultados: Se identificó siete temas principales, dos de los cuales son analizados en este artículo: la innovación como un proceso complejo y los cambios sin cambios. Conclusiones: La transición de un currículo tradicional hacia uno basado en competencias, desde la experiencia de los docentes, implica desafíos complejos y profundos cambios, frente a los cuales, las instituciones de educación superior tienen que proporcionar las condiciones para facilitar dicho proceso.

Abstract Introduction: In recent decades, in Chile, vocational training in nursing has undergone transformations in their study plans, moving from having a traditional curriculum to one based on competencies, in accordance with the current demands of the labor market. Objective: To analyze two topics derived from the study focused on understanding the life experiences of teachers in a Nursing School on the curricular innovation. Materials and methods: A phenomenological study through in-depth interviews was conducted to twenty teachers, who have participated in the training of nurses. Sampling for convenience was done according to the data saturation criterion. The data analysis was thematic type as proposed by Van Manen. The research was approved by the Ethics Committee of the institution. Results: Seven main themes were identified, two of which are analyzed in this article: innovation as a complex process and unchanged changes. Conclusions: The transition from a traditional curriculum to one based on competences, from the experience of teachers, implies complex challenges and profound changes; considering this, higher education institutions have to provide the conditions to facilitate such a process.

Validación de dos escalas utilizadas en la medición del cuidado humano transpersonal basadas en la Teoría de Jean Watson / Validation of Two Scales Used to Measure Transpersonal Human Caring, Based on Jean Watson's Theory

Objetivo: validar Caring Efficacy Scale y Nyberg's Caring Assessment, elementos basados en la Teoría Transpersonal del Cuidado Humano que se fundamenta en los aspectos humanos y éticos del cuidado. Método: los instrumentos fueron validados en una muestra de 360 enfermeras chilenas. Los coeficientes de alfa de Cronbach fueron de 0,76 para Caring Efficacy Scale, y de 0,82 para el Nyberg's Caring Assessment. En cuanto a la validez de constructo ambos instrumentos se correlacionan positiva y significativamente. Resultados: se pondera divergencia como estrategia de esta validez en ambos instrumentos y se utiliza una subescala que evalúa la falta de empatía con el sufrimiento del otro. Conclusión: la validación de estas escalas es un aporte al cuidado humano transpersonal, para conocer el significado que las enfermeras le otorgan, y cuán eficaces se sienten, así como remediar aspectos deficitarios en la enseñanza y práctica del cuidado.

Objective: Validate the Caring Efficacy Scale and Nyberg's Caring Assessment. Both these elements are based on the Theory of Transpersonal Human Caring, which is founded on the humanistic and ethical aspects of care. Method: These scales were validated in a sample comprised of 360 Chilean nurses. Cronbach's alpha was 0.76 for the Caring Efficacy Scale and 0.82 for Nyberg's Caring Assessment. In terms of construct validity, both instruments are correlated positively and significantly. Results: Divergence is weighted as a strategy or approach to this validity in both instruments, and a subscale was used to evaluate lack of empathy with the suffering of others. Conclusion: The validation of these scales is a contribution to transpersonal human caring in terms of knowing the significance nurses give to it and how effective they feel, as well as to remedy shortcomings in the teaching and practice of human care.

Objetivo: validar Caring Efficacy Scale e Nyberg's Caring Assessment, elementos baseados na Teoria Transpessoal do Cuidado Humano que se fundamenta nos aspectos humanos e éticos do cuidado. Método: os instrumentos foram validados em uma amostra de 360 enfermeiras chilenas. Os coeficientes de alfa de Cronbach foram de 0,76 para Caring Efficacy Scale, e de 0,82 para o Nyberg's Caring Assessment. Quanto à validade de construto, ambos os instrumentos se correlacionam positiva e significativamente. Resultados: considera-se divergência como estratégia desta validade em ambos os instrumentos e se utiliza uma subescala que avalia a falta de empatia com o sofrimento do outro. Conclusão: a validação dessas escalas é uma contribuição para o cuidado humano transpessoal, para conhecer o significado que as enfermeiras lhe outorgam, e quão eficazes se sentem, assim como remediar aspectos deficientes no ensino e prática do cuidado.

Cuidado humanizado: un desafio para las enfermeras en los servicios hospitalarios / Humanized care: a challenge for nursing in the hospitals services

El presente artículo es un análisis crítico de la influencia institucional en el trabajo de las enfermeras de los servicios de salud pública en Latinoamérica y como este afecta la visión humanista del cuidado. Un factor influyente son los sistemas institucionales impregnados del modelo biomédico donde las enfermeras realizan su trabajo lo que la ha llevado a una sobrecarga de trabajo y pérdida de su autonomía. Por otro parte, los usuarios valoran más los aspectos del cuidado que tienen relación con la comunicación, el afecto y la atención que se le presta dentro de las instituciones hospitalarias. Cuan importante es entonces que las enfermeras otorguen cuidados centrados en los usuarios y que los cuidados humanizados se integren a la praxis para mejorar la calidad de la atención en los servicios de salud.

This article is a critical analysis of the institutional influence of nurses' work on public health care systems in Latin America, and on how this influence affects the humanistic view of nursing care. An important factor to be considered is that institutional health systems, where nurses work, are impregnated with the biomedical care model. The latter has led to a higher workload for nurses as well as loss of professional autonomy. On the other hand, users appreciate the aspects of healthcare associated with communication, affection, and the care they receive in the hospitals. Hence, it is crucial that nurses provide user-centered care. Moreover, humanized care should be incorporated to nursing practice in order to enhance the quality of public health care systems.

O presente artigo é uma análise crítica da influencia institucional do trabalho das enfermeiras nos serviços publico de saúde na América Latina e como este afeta a visão humanista do cuidado. Um importante fator é que os sistemas institucionais, onde as enfermeiras realizam seu trabalho, estão impregnados pelo modelo biomédico, que conduziu a uma sobrecarga de trabalho acompanhada pela perda da sua autonomia profissional. Entretanto, os usuários valorizam mais os aspectos do cuidado relacionados com a forma de comunicação, afeto e a assistência que lhes é prestada dentro das instituições hospitalares. É de suma importância então, que as enfermeiras outorguem cuidados centralizados nos usuários e que os cuidados humanizados se integrem na pratica, para melhorar a qualidade da assistência nos serviços de saúde.

Principios bioéticos para la práctica de investigación de enfermería / Bioethical principles for researching practice in nursing

La confusión de valores en un mundo globalizado, ha trascendido a la dinámica de una sociedad posmoderna, en la que priva lo artificial sobre lo natural, y donde la técnica erosiona el principio del valor, relativamente a los aspectos éticos. En este contexto, es esencial rescatar los conceptos éticos que fundamentan los actos humanos, en una dualidad del bien o del mal. Así como, de los principios bioéticos inherentes a los problemas generados por el vertiginoso avance de la ciencia y la técnica; los cuales, atañen a todos los seres humanos en una sociedad posmodernista, respecto a diversas interrogantes morales como, el utilizar la tecnología para mantener a las personas con vida, la eutanasia y el aborto, entre otros. Ante estos dilemas, el deber del personal de salud, es tomar decisiones informadas y con plena conciencia ética, que implican la responsabilidad de proporcionar cuidados de salud, no sólo técnicamente bien realizados, sino con base en los principios éticos. El personal de enfermería, frecuentemente enfrenta dilemas de carácter moral, dada su participación en estudios de investigación como autores o colaboradores, por tanto, debe considerar los aspectos bioéticos inherentes, sobre todo en aquellas investigaciones que involucran a seres humanos, sin olvidar que sus intervenciones para mejorar la práctica de salud, deberán dirigirse en beneficio de los mismos.

The confusion of values in a globalize world has transcended to the dynamic of a postmodern society where artificial is predominant over natural things, and where technique is wearing away the principle or worth, relatively to ethical aspects. In this context, it is essential to rescue the ethical concepts that found the human acts, in a duality of good and bad, as well as the bioethical principles inherent to problems generated by the swift advance of science and technique, which care to all human beings in a post-modernist society, related to diverse questionings like using technology to keep people alive, euthanasia, and abortion, among others. Facing these dilemmas, the health personnel's duty is making informed decisions with wise, ethical conscience that implies the responsibility to delivery health care which are not only technically well done, but also with the base of ethical principles. Frequently, nursing staff face dilemmas of moral character; given their participation in research as authors or collaborators. Hence, they should consider the inherent, overall in those researches involving human beings, without forgetting that their interventions to improve the practices of health will have to direct to benefit themselves.

Enfermeras en riesgo. Violencia laboral con enfoque de género / Nurses in risk: violence at work focused on gender

La violencia en la actualidad es un fenómeno sociocultural que alcanza diversos ámbitos. Uno de ellos es el lugar de trabajo. Aunque este último en general ha sido considerado tradicionalmente como un ambiente relativamente benigno y libre de violencia, nuestra concepción del problema ha evolucionado hacia el concepto de que la violencia laboral no es un problema individual episódico, sino que es un tema estructural estratégico enraizado en factores sociales económicos culturales y organizacionales más amplios, que ha comenzado a preocupar a la sociedad por sus altos costos en salud y en la economía de los países. La mujer, como parte del mundo laboral, está propensa a sufrir violencia de diversa índole, siendo frecuente por sus características de género el acoso sexual, la inequidad salarial y el “mobbing”, definido como acoso moral. El presente trabajo es una revisión que aborda la violencia laboral que sufre la mujer y su implicación para la enfermería como profesión típicamente femenina

At present time, violence is a socio-cultural phenomena that affects different environments. One of them is the workplace. Although the latter in general has traditionally been viewed as a relatively benign and violence-free environment, our understanding has grown that violence at work is not just an episodic, individual problem, but a structural, strategic issue rooted in wider social economic, organizational and cultural factors that worries society because of its high costs in health and in the economy of countries. Women, as part of the working population, are bound to suffer violence at workplace of various types, being frequent, because of their gender characteristics, salary inequity, sexual harassment and “mobbing”. The present work is a revision that issues violence at workplace and its implications for nursing, as a typical feminine profession